Efficacy of aspirin for men and women are different

According to Associated Press reports: The United States Working Group found that to prevent heart disease and stroke, the efficacy of aspirin may be different because of their sex.

The United States Preventive Services Task Force reviewed at the beginning of 2002 from the National Institutes of Health in the United States subsidiary of female health study published in the article found that aspirin can reduce the risk of a heart attack the first male and female first stroke risk. Patients with more risk factors, aspirin more effective.

Article published in the "Yearbook of Internal Medicine," the article suggested that patients and doctors decide whether or not to use aspirin should be preceded by some, such as age, sex, diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol level, smoking history and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and other factors taken into account.

The Working Group also recommended that the range of 45-year-old to 79-year-old male can be between the use of aspirin to reduce heart attack rates, ranging from 55 to 79-year-old woman is the use of aspirin can reduce the incidence of ischemic brain death rate, because at these ages, the efficacy of aspirin in excess of its potential gastrointestinal bleeding caused by damage.

However, the proposal does not apply to those who are already suffering from heart attack or stroke patients.

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Viagra the most "disgusting" the three drugs

Currently used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) prescription drugs most commonly there are three, namely Viagra, Cialis and Levitra. They all belong to 5 - phosphodiesterase inhibitor, in elderly men in particular, a broad application. Because these patients are often taking other drugs, these drugs with anti-ED drug interaction may exist, older male friends this must not be taken lightly.

And nitroglycerin with the use of: low blood pressure

Required taking nitrates such as nitroglycerin-type drugs (such as nitroglycerin) or α-receptor blockers (such as doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin and alfuzosin, etc. ) used with caution in patients who required anti-ED drugs.

This is because Viagra, Cialis and Levitra have the role of diastolic blood vessels, and nitroglycerin and prazosin also has the role of the expansion of blood vessels, joint use, this role will be magnified, so that blood pressure decreased significantly and increase the risk of heart attack or stroke. If you are the application of such current antihypertensive agents, anti-ED drug in the application before, please consult a physician, he may suggest you adjust the dose.

And ketoconazole with the use of: poisoning

Ketoconazole is a common antifungal agents, patients taking anti-ED drug and ketoconazole, may lead to an increase in anti-ED probability of adverse drug reactions. Have the same effect of drugs, including clarithromycin, cyclosporine, itraconazole, and ritonavir.

Human metabolism of drugs can not do without the help of enzymes, and CYP3A4 are the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes. Including anti-ED drug, including the majority of drug metabolism through CYP3A4, while these drugs can inhibit CYP3A4 precisely the activity, and anti-ED drugs at the same time using it, probably the former increases the concentration in the blood, increasing the potential toxicity of drugs. With this role is more than drugs, certain beverages, such as grapefruit juice may inhibit CYP3A4 activity, anti-ED drugs patients must want their distance.

And dexamethasone with the use of: lower efficacy

Carbamazepine, dexamethasone, rifamycin CYP3A4 activity is to enhance the equality of the drugs, can reduce the role of anti-ED drugs. Of course, there is nothing so dangerous, but will anti-ED drugs ineffective. If the CYP3A4 activity significantly, such as patients taking rifampicin, even if the application of anti-ED drugs, the highest recommended dose is invalid.

There are lot of medicines may be associated with anti-ED drug interactions, and therefore anti-ED drugs issued by a physician should pay attention to you are taking other drugs, whether or not all belong to the above categories. If you are in the application of anti-ED drug application after the start or stop the other drugs, please pay attention to anti-ED drugs would therefore be affected.

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Scientists study found that Multi-vitamin should not anti-cancer compound

American scientists found that women taking long-term multi-vitamin tablets and should not lower the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease risk.

This research report was published in the "within the scientific literature" magazine.

Chronic illness, not prevention

Located in Seattle, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center scientists began tracking survey in 2002 over 162,000 menopausal women, these people have 42% of daily multi-vitamin tablets.

Scientists have discovered that 8-year period there were 9619 people suffering from cancer, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancer, etc.; 8751 people suffering from heart disease and stroke and other cardiovascular diseases; Another 9865 people were killed. However, morbidity and mortality and whether they are unrelated to taking multi-vitamin tablets.

The auspices of the research scientists Marian Neuhauser said: "In essence, (vitamin tablets) has no effect. We are a large number of different groups of people found in a sample survey, (vitamin tablets) will never harm the human body, but it will not reduce the risk of suffering from chronic diseases. "

Reuters said that so far, for vitamin tablets and the relationship between human health research, this study the largest number of participants up to。

Balanced diet

The researchers said that the multi-vitamin tablets are the American supermarket and drug stores selling Products. Americans spend 20 billion U.S. dollars annually to purchase dietary supplements products, of which one third are multi-vitamin tablets. Many people hope that supplementary vitamins and minerals to prevent chronic diseases, prevention and treatment of influenza.

Neuhauser suggested that people only eat enough fruits and vegetables, with a reasonable diet, can be nutritionally balanced.

"People think that the intake of vitamin tablets can the human body all the necessary essential nutrients," Neuhauser said, "This is wrong. Only the most wholesome natural food."

"Integrity Health Products Association" (Council for Responsible Nutrition) of Andrew Shaozeng said that although the multi-vitamin tablets should not effective in preventing disease, but beneficial to good health, because some people can not diet adequate intake of vitamins essential to human.

Shao said: "The multi-vitamin tablets, like other dietary supplements as foods, but the whole part of a healthy lifestyle. It is not a magic bullet, can not guarantee the prevention of cancer and other diseases."

The latest evidence

Earlier studies have found that taking multi-vitamin tablets should not the prevention of chronic diseases. The study has become the latest evidence of this discovery.

Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital subsidiary of experts in November 2008 study found that taking vitamin C or vitamin E tablets and should not reduce the risk of cancer and risk of cardiovascular disease.

The United States National Cancer Institute has been selected to study 35,000 men were observed taking selenium and vitamin E of the drug can prevent prostate cancer.

But only men taking vitamin E in prostate cancer incidence increases in men taking selenium increased diabetes incidence, the National Cancer Institute in October 2008 has been suspended in this study.

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Scientists said the drug can selectively delete the memory of terror

Dutch scientists claim that a common treatment for angina drug Inderal (propranolol) can selectively delete the memory of terror, which may become the treatment of anxiety disorders --- new approach to save memory by blocking the protein required by the synthesis, and thus interfere with memory consolidation, the study published in the February 16 publication of "Nature - Neural Science" on.

In the new experiments, researchers at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, staff give Healthy volunteers watch spider picture, a picture of one of the first shock will be. When the volunteers learn to be linked to the spider and electric shocks and saw the picture site will result in anxiety.　　

The next day, researchers will be divided into two groups of volunteers to one of the one group was given propranolol (used to treat arrhythmias, angina drug); give another group a placebo. Researchers to show them the same picture of the spider, and then burst through the broadcast of noise and analysis of the eye muscles a note of intensity level of their fears. The third day, two groups have to remember the shock and the links between the spider: they are precisely what I remember when fear. But taking a group of propranolol fear should be smaller. That implies that the contents of memory preserved intact, but the emotional memories trigger has been deleted.

This new discovery builds on decades of research on animals, the brain in different regions of different memory storage. A brain region called the amygdala is considered the brain's fear center in the brain's emotional memory storage plays an important role. In animal studies have shown that propranolol prevented the tonsil in a molecule, interferes with memory consolidation. The scientists have found that to remember a simple act, they need to keep on memory consolidation.

Previous studies have demonstrated that propranolol can help with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Sargent said: "Exposure therapy is the treatment of anxiety disorders the most effective way, but not for everyone to apply to have 20%% 60%% of patients will deteriorate again." However, taking the propranolol patients will not, This indicates that the memory really weaken or even completely eliminated.　

Sargent and other research team is conducting more extensive tests to determine the efficacy of propranolol at the same time, also want to find out the circumstances under which medication is best for them. Sargent said: "The next step is to observe that the impact of drugs on memory duration, to study their impact on people with certain diseases or the treatment of patients with phobia."

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Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease research and treatment

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Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease research and treatment

Streptococcus pneumoniae for Gram-positive cocci double, and anaerobes, and was known as the Bath Micrococcus, pneumococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, until 1974 was officially named as Streptococcus pneumoniae.Function or anatomy of the absence of spleen in children is Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive infection caused by systemic high-risk groups, so this caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae systemic disease known as invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).Are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease such as meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, such as an important pathogen, but also the death of 2 children under the age of one of the main reasons. All over the world each year has around 1.2 million children die from pneumococcal infections, the mortality rate more than any one vaccine-preventable pathogens.

Infants and preschool children in the pathogen to carry a high rate of asymptomatic (> 50%), especially in day-care institutions and children in crowded places. IPD incidence in different countries and different ethnic origin. And in the same region, over time, will also change the type pathogen. Is now clear that the IPD caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenic material for the main capsular polysaccharide and hemolysin.

Not all carriers will have IDP. The main reason leading to IDP are: the body of the existence of systemic or local infection, local mucosal immunity lowering, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency. Such as low Agammaglobulinemia, complement deficiencies, neutropenia, such as missing spleen, HIV infection. Infants and young children in general a higher rate of incidence increases with age, decreased nearly 5-year-old age when the incidence declined rapidly after the age of 60 have increased the incidence of the peak once again appear in the elderly over the age of 65 patients.

IDP are the high season in winter, may be associated with other respiratory infections such as: influenza, mycoplasma, chlamydia infection prone secondary infection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In a relatively closed collective institutions such as schools, barracks, day-care centers and prisons, the emergence of a new strain will lead to the outbreak of IDP. Function or anatomy of the Absence of spleen is also a risk factor for IDP.

Penicillin for the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the standard drugs, in clinical applications have more than half a century. But now drug-resistant strains have emerged, and have a more serious phenomenon of multi-drug resistant.The majority of reduced susceptibility to penicillin strains of the third generation, fourth generation cephalosporins are more sensitive, and amoxicillin can be used for the treatment of reduced susceptibility to penicillin strains. For patients with severe IDP, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone or cefepime are the preferred drugs. Alternative drugs, including carbapenems, the new generation of quinolones, clindamycin and vancomycin, such as.

IDP prevention include improving the living environment, give up bad habits, take part in physical exercise, active treatment of basic diseases, but the most effective preventive measure when the Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine.

In short, IDP is a global disease, the incidence of diseases and pathogens of other plant type with the national, regional, ethnic vary; a variety of factors influence its pathogenesis; its clinical features vary, most of the performance of non-specific, general multiple organ can be involved.

With sensitive, effective and rational application of antibiotics and vaccines continuous research and development, IDP morbidity will be reduced, but the emergence of many drug-resistant strains makes it an upward trend in incidence, death rate, an increase of the difficulty of clinical data expect the development of new vaccines, which in turn can more immune type strain, reduce resistance, reduce the occurrence of IDP .

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